The draft bill effectively simplifies the procedure for changing gender on a person's national identity card, allowing them to request the change based on a simple statement.
The law for the "genuine equality of trans people and for the guarantee of LGBTI rights" -- which will be put to a vote on Thursday -- is one of the flagship projects of the equality ministry which is held by Podemos, the radical left-wing junior partner in Spain's Socialist-led coalition.
If approved, the bill will move to the Senate and if left unchanged, as expected, will become law within weeks.
It would make Spain one of the few countries in the world to allow transgender people to change their status with a simple declaration.
The legislation lets anyone from age 16 freely change their designated sex on their ID card, dropping the requirement for a medical report attesting to gender dysphoria or proof of hormonal treatment.
Those as young as 12 would be able to apply to make the change -- but only under certain conditions.
Opposed in its entirety by the right, the bill has not only sown strife within the coalition but has split Prime Minister Pedro Sanchez's Socialist party and created divisions within the feminist movement.
Equality Minister Irene Montero, a strong advocate of gender self-determination, has championed the bill as the only way to "depathologise" trans identities.
In 2019, the World Health Organization moved to end the categorisation of trans-related conditions as mental and behavioural disorders.
"Trans people and the LGTBI community cannot wait any longer for the recognition of all their rights. We are not going to accept a single setback in terms of rights," she told the Senate in October as the Socialists pushed to tighten the proposed rules for minors.
IN DETAIL: Why is Spain's Trans Law so controversial?
'Trojan horse within feminism'
Heavyweights in Spain's feminist lobby have come out fighting, saying it will undermine women's rights and create problems for youngsters -- prompting accusations of anti-trans activism and even transphobia.
They in turn have questioned the feminist credentials of those backing the legislation, such as Montero and Labour Minister Yolanda Diaz, with the two camps engaging in a bitter war of words.
Activists from the Alliance Against the Erasure of Women fear that the law will be open to abuse and cause a significant erosion of women's rights, allowing men who self-identify as women "to compete in women's sport. to enter domestic violence refuges or access women's prisons", said spokeswoman Lola Venegas.
But she shrugged off suggestions the feminist movement was divided over the draft law.
"What's happening is that a Trojan horse is being introduced into the feminist movement trying to set an anti-feminist agenda. It's not division, it's entryism," she said.
"You don't have to be a feminist to say that this is an outrage. People cannot self-diagnose."
They have also raised the alarm about minors having the right to self-determine gender -- with parental authorisation from the age of 14 and with both parental and judicial approval from 12.
Although the Socialists pushed for an amendment that would have extended judicial authorisation to include 14 to 15-year-olds, it was ultimately rejected in what was widely seen as a victory for Montero and Podemos.
Internal power struggle
Within the Socialist party itself, the divisions have been bitter with veteran Socialist LGBTQ activist Carla Antonelli -- the first and only trans woman to serve as a Spanish politician -- resigning from the party after decades of membership.
"Socialism that isn't brave isn't socialism," she wrote on Facebook in October.
She expressed "deep disappointment and dissatisfaction", saying years of work for gender self-determination had ended in "a Dantesque nightmare of transphobia, exclusions, and internal and external humiliations".
Analysts said the divisions were a reflection of internal power struggles.
"It has a lot to do with an internal power struggle not only within the Socialist party but within the feminist movement," said Pablo Simon, a political analyst at Madrid's Carlos III University.
"It is very likely that if the equality ministry had not been held by Podemos, these feminists would not have raised so many objections," he said.
The ministry used to be held by the Socialists and its former head is one of the chief opponents of the bill.
The tensions were unlikely to break up the coalition, one year before the next general election, as the two parties "had decided to finish their term in office together".
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